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DC Circuits
Electrical Circuits: Construction Rules and Laws
🎯 Electrical Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications
⚡ Basic Components
- Power Source: (Battery, Generator) provides electrical voltage
- Conductors: Wires for current transmission
- Load: Device that uses power (lamp, motor)
- Switch: Controls circuit opening/closing
🔧 Basic Construction Rules
- A closed circuit is required for current flow
- Current direction is from positive to negative terminal
- Determine values of
Voltage (V), Resistance (Ω), Current (A)
- Use Ohm's Law:
V = I × R
📜 Main Laws
Ohm's Law:
Voltage = Current × Resistance → V = I × R
Kirchhoff's Laws:
- Current Law: Sum of incoming currents = outgoing currents
- Voltage Law: Sum of voltages in any loop = zero
💡 Practical Applications
- Home lighting systems
- Electronics (phones, computers)
- Motor operation systems in cars
- Solar power systems
- Medical devices (ECG machines)
⚠️ Safety Procedures
- Disconnect power before maintenance
- Use circuit breakers
- Avoid overloading
- Use insulating materials
DC Circuit
Series Connection
When electric current flows through a single path and passes through all circuit components
In parallel connection
current flows through multiple paths where resistors and voltage sources are connected between two sets
of common points that allow current flow horizontally and vertically. The differences between these two methods:
In series connection, the current passing through each component is equal
The source voltage is distributed across the lamps and the equivalent resistance value increases
In parallel connection, current is distributed across the lamps according to their resistance - higher resistance means less current
Voltage is equal to the source voltage and the equivalent resistance value decreases
In this simulation, connect resistors or lamps in series or parallel using the symbols on the left side
provided the current completes its cycle, then measure current intensity and voltage difference using the devices on the right side
to verify the accuracy of your calculations
You can change the resistor value or battery voltage
by clicking on it and moving the slider that appears
You can cut part of the circuit by clicking on the location you want to cut - scissors will appear, click on them to cut the part
🎯 Resistor Connections
. Series Connection of Resistors
Method: Resistors are connected in a single line (one after another).
Equation:
Total resistance = sum of individual resistances
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn
Purpose:
- Increase total resistance
- Reduce electric current intensity
- Distribute voltage across resistors
2. Parallel Connection of Resistors
Method: Resistors are connected between the same two points (common terminals).
Equation:
1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn
Purpose:
- Reduce total resistance
- Increase total current intensity
- Maintain same voltage across each resistor
3. Practical Applications
Series Examples:
- Christmas lights (if one breaks, all go off)
- Current limiting circuits like resistor with LED
Parallel Examples:
- Home electrical installations (lights and appliances)
- Car batteries (lights and radio)
4. Important Note
In parallel: Total resistance is smaller than the smallest resistor in the circuit.
In series: Total resistance is larger than any individual resistor.
Connect resistors in series and parallel and calculate the equivalent resistance each time
Factors Affecting Electrical Resistance
Electrical Resistance 🧲
Factors Affecting Resistance:
- 📏 Conductor Length: Resistance increases directly with length
- 📐 Cross-sectional Area: Resistance decreases inversely with area
- ⚡ Material Type (Resistivity): Varies by material's chemical properties
- 🌡️ Temperature: Metal resistance increases with temperature
Practical Uses:
- 🔌 Current control in electronic circuits
- 💡 Heat generation in devices (irons, heaters)
- 🛡️ Protecting circuits from overcurrent
- 🎛️ Use in sensors and detection devices
Mathematical Relationships:
Ohm's Law:
\[V = I × R\]
Where:
V: Voltage (Volts)
I: Current (Amperes)
R: Resistance (Ohms)
Conductor Resistance:
\[R = ρ ×(\frac {L}{A})\]
Where:
ρ: Resistivity (Ohm.meter)
L: Conductor length (meter)
A: Cross-sectional area (m²)
Temperature Effect:
\[R_t = R_0 [1 + α(T - T_0)]\]
Where:
α: Temperature coefficient of resistance
T: New temperature
T0: Reference temperature
Electrical Resistance is essential in all electrical conductors
It is one of the properties present in all conductors and represents the ability of electric current to pass through the wire material
Hence called resistance - it can be represented as the wire resisting current flow through it, similar to obstacles to electric current flow
This obstruction occurs in the material whether conductive or non-conductive - all wires and conductors have resistance but in different proportions
Resistance value depends on several factors
which are:
Wire cross-section: The smaller the cross-section, the higher the resistance.
Wire length: The longer the wire, the higher the resistance
Conductor type, conductivity coefficient and temperature
Factors Affecting Electrical Resistance
Electrical Resistance 🧲
Factors Affecting Resistance:
- 📏 Conductor Length: Resistance increases directly with length
- 📐 Cross-sectional Area: Resistance decreases inversely with area
- ⚡ Material Type (Resistivity): Varies by material's chemical properties
- 🌡️ Temperature: Metal resistance increases with temperature
Practical Uses:
- 🔌 Current control in electronic circuits
- 💡 Heat generation in devices (irons, heaters)
- 🛡️ Protecting circuits from overcurrent
- 🎛️ Use in sensors and detection devices
Calculating Factors Affecting Ohmic Resistance
Resistivity Law Calculator
🎯 Series Connection
Series Connection: Electric current flows through a single path passing through all circuit components
Series Connection Features:
Current is constant in all parts of the circuit
\[ i_1=i_2=i_3=i_{total}\]
Source voltage is distributed across resistors according to their resistance - higher resistance gets more voltage
\[V_{total} = V_1+V_2+V_3\]
Equivalent resistance equals the sum of resistances
\[R_{eq}= R_1+R_2+R_3
=\frac{V_{total}}{ i_{total }}\]
In this simulation, current intensity and voltage difference are measured in each resistor by clicking the icon
You can change resistor values using the icon at the top
Parallel Connection: Electric current flows through multiple paths to complete its cycle
🎯 Series and Parallel Circuit
Parallel Connection Features:
Current is distributed across resistors - higher resistance means less current
\[i_{total} = i_1+i_2+i_3\]
Voltage is equal and matches source voltage
\[V_{total} = V_1=V_2=V_3\]
Reciprocal of equivalent resistance equals sum of reciprocals of resistances
\[ R_{eq}=[\frac { 1}{R_1}+\frac {1}{R_2}+\frac {1}{R_3}]^{-1}
= \frac {V{total}} { i_{total }}\]
In this simulation, current intensity and voltage difference are measured in each resistor by clicking the icon on the right
You can change resistor values using the icon at the top
Series-Parallel Circuit
🎯 Series-Parallel Circuit
Electrical Circuits: Series, Parallel, and Compound
3. Compound Circuit
- Connection: Combination of series and parallel connections.
- Laws:
- Analyze circuit into series and parallel parts and calculate equivalent resistance for each part.
- Apply Ohm's Law (V = I×R) and Kirchhoff's Laws.
- Practical Applications:
- Complex electronic circuits (like factory control panels).
- Communication systems and computer networks.
General Notes:
✅ Parallel Advantage: Continuity of operation if one component fails.
⚠️ Series Disadvantage: Entire circuit stops if one element fails.
In this simulation, clicking the "Show Calculations" icon displays the calculation method
. If you want to know the partial voltage or partial current intensity for a specific part of the circuit, click on the desired part and click on the voltage and current icons
DC Circuits |
🎯 Electrical Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications
⚡ Basic Components
- Power Source: (Battery, Generator) provides electrical voltage
- Conductors: Wires for current transmission
- Load: Device that uses power (lamp, motor)
- Switch: Controls circuit opening/closing
🔧 Basic Construction Rules
- A closed circuit is required for current flow
- Current direction is from positive to negative terminal
- Determine values of
Voltage (V),Resistance (Ω),Current (A) - Use Ohm's Law:
V = I × R
📜 Main Laws
Ohm's Law:
Voltage = Current × Resistance → V = I × R
Kirchhoff's Laws:
- Current Law: Sum of incoming currents = outgoing currents
- Voltage Law: Sum of voltages in any loop = zero
💡 Practical Applications
- Home lighting systems
- Electronics (phones, computers)
- Motor operation systems in cars
- Solar power systems
- Medical devices (ECG machines)
⚠️ Safety Procedures
- Disconnect power before maintenance
- Use circuit breakers
- Avoid overloading
- Use insulating materials
Series Connection
When electric current flows through a single path and passes through all circuit components
In parallel connection
current flows through multiple paths where resistors and voltage sources are connected between two sets
of common points that allow current flow horizontally and vertically. The differences between these two methods:
In series connection, the current passing through each component is equal
The source voltage is distributed across the lamps and the equivalent resistance value increases
In parallel connection, current is distributed across the lamps according to their resistance - higher resistance means less current
Voltage is equal to the source voltage and the equivalent resistance value decreases
In this simulation, connect resistors or lamps in series or parallel using the symbols on the left side
provided the current completes its cycle, then measure current intensity and voltage difference using the devices on the right side
to verify the accuracy of your calculations You can change the resistor value or battery voltage
by clicking on it and moving the slider that appears You can cut part of the circuit by clicking on the location you want to cut - scissors will appear, click on them to cut the part
🎯 Resistor Connections
.Series Connection of Resistors
Method: Resistors are connected in a single line (one after another).
Equation:
Total resistance = sum of individual resistances
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn
Purpose:
- Increase total resistance
- Reduce electric current intensity
- Distribute voltage across resistors
2. Parallel Connection of Resistors
Method: Resistors are connected between the same two points (common terminals).
Equation:
1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn
Purpose:
- Reduce total resistance
- Increase total current intensity
- Maintain same voltage across each resistor
3. Practical Applications
Series Examples:
- Christmas lights (if one breaks, all go off)
- Current limiting circuits like resistor with LED
Parallel Examples:
- Home electrical installations (lights and appliances)
- Car batteries (lights and radio)
4. Important Note
In parallel: Total resistance is smaller than the smallest resistor in the circuit.
In series: Total resistance is larger than any individual resistor.
Connect resistors in series and parallel and calculate the equivalent resistance each time
Electrical Resistance 🧲
Factors Affecting Resistance:
- 📏 Conductor Length: Resistance increases directly with length
- 📐 Cross-sectional Area: Resistance decreases inversely with area
- ⚡ Material Type (Resistivity): Varies by material's chemical properties
- 🌡️ Temperature: Metal resistance increases with temperature
Practical Uses:
- 🔌 Current control in electronic circuits
- 💡 Heat generation in devices (irons, heaters)
- 🛡️ Protecting circuits from overcurrent
- 🎛️ Use in sensors and detection devices
Mathematical Relationships:
Ohm's Law:
\[V = I × R\]
Where:
V: Voltage (Volts)
I: Current (Amperes)
R: Resistance (Ohms)
Conductor Resistance:
\[R = ρ ×(\frac {L}{A})\]
Where:
ρ: Resistivity (Ohm.meter)
L: Conductor length (meter)
A: Cross-sectional area (m²)
Temperature Effect:
\[R_t = R_0 [1 + α(T - T_0)]\]
Where:
α: Temperature coefficient of resistance
T: New temperature
T0: Reference temperature
Electrical Resistance is essential in all electrical conductors
It is one of the properties present in all conductors and represents the ability of electric current to pass through the wire material
Hence called resistance - it can be represented as the wire resisting current flow through it, similar to obstacles to electric current flow
This obstruction occurs in the material whether conductive or non-conductive - all wires and conductors have resistance but in different proportions
Resistance value depends on several factors
which are:
Wire cross-section: The smaller the cross-section, the higher the resistance.
Wire length: The longer the wire, the higher the resistance
Conductor type, conductivity coefficient and temperature
Factors Affecting Electrical Resistance
Electrical Resistance 🧲
Factors Affecting Resistance:
- 📏 Conductor Length: Resistance increases directly with length
- 📐 Cross-sectional Area: Resistance decreases inversely with area
- ⚡ Material Type (Resistivity): Varies by material's chemical properties
- 🌡️ Temperature: Metal resistance increases with temperature
Practical Uses:
- 🔌 Current control in electronic circuits
- 💡 Heat generation in devices (irons, heaters)
- 🛡️ Protecting circuits from overcurrent
- 🎛️ Use in sensors and detection devices
Calculating Factors Affecting Ohmic Resistance
Resistivity Law Calculator
🎯 Series Connection
Series Connection: Electric current flows through a single path passing through all circuit components
Series Connection Features:
Current is constant in all parts of the circuit
\[ i_1=i_2=i_3=i_{total}\]
Source voltage is distributed across resistors according to their resistance - higher resistance gets more voltage
\[V_{total} = V_1+V_2+V_3\]
Equivalent resistance equals the sum of resistances
\[R_{eq}= R_1+R_2+R_3
=\frac{V_{total}}{ i_{total }}\]
In this simulation, current intensity and voltage difference are measured in each resistor by clicking the icon
You can change resistor values using the icon at the top
Parallel Connection: Electric current flows through multiple paths to complete its cycle
🎯 Series and Parallel Circuit
Parallel Connection Features:
Current is distributed across resistors - higher resistance means less current
\[i_{total} = i_1+i_2+i_3\]
Voltage is equal and matches source voltage
\[V_{total} = V_1=V_2=V_3\]
Reciprocal of equivalent resistance equals sum of reciprocals of resistances
\[ R_{eq}=[\frac { 1}{R_1}+\frac {1}{R_2}+\frac {1}{R_3}]^{-1}
= \frac {V{total}} { i_{total }}\]
In this simulation, current intensity and voltage difference are measured in each resistor by clicking the icon on the right
You can change resistor values using the icon at the top
Series-Parallel Circuit
🎯 Series-Parallel Circuit
Electrical Circuits: Series, Parallel, and Compound
3. Compound Circuit
- Connection: Combination of series and parallel connections.
- Laws:
- Analyze circuit into series and parallel parts and calculate equivalent resistance for each part.
- Apply Ohm's Law (V = I×R) and Kirchhoff's Laws.
- Practical Applications:
- Complex electronic circuits (like factory control panels).
- Communication systems and computer networks.
General Notes:
✅ Parallel Advantage: Continuity of operation if one component fails.
⚠️ Series Disadvantage: Entire circuit stops if one element fails.
In this simulation, clicking the "Show Calculations" icon displays the calculation method
. If you want to know the partial voltage or partial current intensity for a specific part of the circuit, click on the desired part and click on the voltage and current icons
Ohm's Law:
\[V = I × R\]Where:
V: Voltage (Volts)
I: Current (Amperes)
R: Resistance (Ohms)
Conductor Resistance:
\[R = ρ ×(\frac {L}{A})\]Where:
ρ: Resistivity (Ohm.meter)
L: Conductor length (meter)
A: Cross-sectional area (m²)
Temperature Effect:
\[R_t = R_0 [1 + α(T - T_0)]\]Where:
α: Temperature coefficient of resistance
T: New temperature
T0: Reference temperature
It is one of the properties present in all conductors and represents the ability of electric current to pass through the wire material
Hence called resistance - it can be represented as the wire resisting current flow through it, similar to obstacles to electric current flow
This obstruction occurs in the material whether conductive or non-conductive - all wires and conductors have resistance but in different proportions
Resistance value depends on several factors
which are: Wire cross-section: The smaller the cross-section, the higher the resistance.
Wire length: The longer the wire, the higher the resistance
Conductor type, conductivity coefficient and temperature
Electrical Resistance 🧲
Factors Affecting Resistance:
- 📏 Conductor Length: Resistance increases directly with length
- 📐 Cross-sectional Area: Resistance decreases inversely with area
- ⚡ Material Type (Resistivity): Varies by material's chemical properties
- 🌡️ Temperature: Metal resistance increases with temperature
Practical Uses:
- 🔌 Current control in electronic circuits
- 💡 Heat generation in devices (irons, heaters)
- 🛡️ Protecting circuits from overcurrent
- 🎛️ Use in sensors and detection devices
Resistivity Law Calculator
🎯 Series Connection
Series Connection Features:
✅ Parallel Advantage: Continuity of operation if one component fails.
Current is constant in all parts of the circuit
\[ i_1=i_2=i_3=i_{total}\]
Source voltage is distributed across resistors according to their resistance - higher resistance gets more voltage
\[V_{total} = V_1+V_2+V_3\]
Equivalent resistance equals the sum of resistances
\[R_{eq}= R_1+R_2+R_3
=\frac{V_{total}}{ i_{total }}\]
In this simulation, current intensity and voltage difference are measured in each resistor by clicking the icon
You can change resistor values using the icon at the top
Parallel Connection: Electric current flows through multiple paths to complete its cycle
🎯 Series and Parallel Circuit
Parallel Connection Features:
Current is distributed across resistors - higher resistance means less current
\[i_{total} = i_1+i_2+i_3\]
Voltage is equal and matches source voltage
\[V_{total} = V_1=V_2=V_3\]
Reciprocal of equivalent resistance equals sum of reciprocals of resistances
\[ R_{eq}=[\frac { 1}{R_1}+\frac {1}{R_2}+\frac {1}{R_3}]^{-1}
= \frac {V{total}} { i_{total }}\]
In this simulation, current intensity and voltage difference are measured in each resistor by clicking the icon on the right
You can change resistor values using the icon at the top
Series-Parallel Circuit
🎯 Series-Parallel Circuit
3. Compound Circuit
General Notes:
⚠️ Series Disadvantage: Entire circuit stops if one element fails.
In this simulation, clicking the "Show Calculations" icon displays the calculation method
. If you want to know the partial voltage or partial current intensity for a specific part of the circuit, click on the desired part and click on the voltage and current icons
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