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Parallel Plate Capacitor
Electrical Capacitors
Electrical Capacitors
What are Capacitors?
Capacitors are electronic components that store electrical energy in a temporary electric field. They primarily consist of:
- Two conductive plates (usually metal)
- An insulating material between them called the dielectric
How do they work?
When connecting a capacitor to a power source:
1. Electric charges accumulate on the plates
2. Energy is stored in the electric field between the plates
3. This energy can be discharged when needed
Common Uses:
- Smoothing electrical signals
- Frequency filtering in circuits
- Temporary energy storage (like camera flashes)
- Circuit timing (with resistors)
Types of Capacitors:
- Ceramic capacitors (small size)
- Electrolytic capacitors (polarized - high capacity)
- Tantalum capacitors (better performance than electrolytic)
- Variable capacitors (adjustable capacity)
Important Terms:
- Capacitance
- Measured in Farads (F) - indicates storage capacity
- Operating Voltage
- Maximum voltage that can be applied to the capacitor
- Tolerance
- Percentage deviation from nominal capacitance
Capacitance Equation:
\[ C = ε₀εᵣ\frac{A}{d}\]
Where:
ε₀ = Permittivity of free space
εᵣ = Relative permittivity of the dielectric
A = Plate area
d = Distance between plates
Parallel Plate Capacitance Calculation
Parallel Plate Capacitance Calculation
Parallel Plate Capacitor |
Electrical Capacitors
What are Capacitors?
Capacitors are electronic components that store electrical energy in a temporary electric field. They primarily consist of:
- Two conductive plates (usually metal)
- An insulating material between them called the dielectric
How do they work?
When connecting a capacitor to a power source:
1. Electric charges accumulate on the plates
2. Energy is stored in the electric field between the plates
3. This energy can be discharged when needed
Common Uses:
- Smoothing electrical signals
- Frequency filtering in circuits
- Temporary energy storage (like camera flashes)
- Circuit timing (with resistors)
Types of Capacitors:
- Ceramic capacitors (small size)
- Electrolytic capacitors (polarized - high capacity)
- Tantalum capacitors (better performance than electrolytic)
- Variable capacitors (adjustable capacity)
Important Terms:
- Capacitance
- Measured in Farads (F) - indicates storage capacity
- Operating Voltage
- Maximum voltage that can be applied to the capacitor
- Tolerance
- Percentage deviation from nominal capacitance
Capacitance Equation:
\[ C = ε₀εᵣ\frac{A}{d}\]
Where:
ε₀ = Permittivity of free space
εᵣ = Relative permittivity of the dielectric
A = Plate area
d = Distance between plates
Parallel Plate Capacitance Calculation
- Electrons begin moving from the source (battery)
- Charges accumulate on the capacitor plates
- An electric field forms between the plates
- Current gradually decreases until it stops completely
Voltage across the capacitor\[V_C(t) = V_0(1 - e^{\frac{-t}{RC}})\]
2. Discharging Process
When opening the circuit:
- The stored charges act as an energy source
- Current flows in the opposite direction
- Charge decreases exponentially with time
- Voltage drops until reaching zero
Discharging equation:\[ V_C(t) = V_0( e^{\frac{-t}{RC}})\]
Important Notes:
- The time constant (Ï„ = RC) determines the process speed
- Capacitance (C) determines the amount of stored charge
- Resistance (R) affects the charging/discharging rate
Practical Applications:
- Electronic timing circuits
- Emergency lighting systems
- Current filters in power supplies
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